Building safe nuclear reactors

Nuclear reactor guide
A nuclear reactor is a multiblock structure that is used to generate power for the IndustrialCraft 2 mod. Nuclear reactors can be a small as a single block and scale up to a 5x5x5 structure for Fluid Reactors.

Necessary gear
Equipping the Hazmat Suit is necessary to avoid radiation damage while holding radioactive items. Radioactive Items include all the Fuel Rods, Depleted Fuel Rods, Processed Uranium, Plutonium and Pellets of RTG Fuel.

Building a nuclear reactor
A nuclear reactor is constructed by placing a Nuclear Reactor block, and optionally surrounding it with up to 6 Reactor Chambers. Right-click on the reactor to access its internal inventory, which will be a grid that is 3x6 (for a single reactor block) to 9x6 (for a full 6 reactor chamber build). Place Fuel Rods in the grid along with other reactor components. Applying a redstone signal to any part of the nuclear reactor will turn it on, and the Fuel Rods will start to generate heat and Energy Units (EU). Generated EU is not stored; if there is no cable or EU storage device with free capacity attached to the reactor the generated EU will be lost.



Fuel Rods
Uranium Fuel Rods are crafted in a Fluid/Solid Canning Machine and can be crafted into Dual Fuel Rod (Uranium) or Quad Fuel Rod (Uranium). Fuel Rods have a durability value proportional to their lifespan in seconds. Uranium Fuel Rods have a starting damage value of 20,000. A single fuel rod in a reactor will generate 5EU/t and 4 Heat Units per second (HU/s) and consequently produce 2,000,000 EU over its 20,000 second working life. Fuel Rods multiply both their EU output AND their Heat output as a result of being adjacent to other fuel rods or sources of neutrons such as Neutron Reflectors. The EU efficiency of a Fuel Rod starts at 1, and increases by 1 for each adjacent neutron source, and the Heat Output is computed as $$2(n+1)(n+2)$$ where $$n$$ is the number of adjacent rods.

Dual Fuel Rods count as two fuel rods (that are each adjacent to a fuel rod) and Quad Fuel Rods counts as four fuel rods arranged so each fuel rod are adjacent to two others in its group. However, groups of Dual and Quad Fuel Rods that are cardinally adjacent to one another will add 1 to the efficiency score of a fuel rod, which means the maximum achievable efficiency among groups of Dual or Quad Fuel Rods is 7: A Quad Fuel Rod (with a base efficiency of 3) with another fuel rod or neutron source in each cardinal direction will receive an additional +4 to its efficiency.

Components
In an operating nuclear reactor Fuel Rods will try to dump all their generated heat into adjacent components first if those components accept heat (i.e. must have a durability). If there are no suitable adjacent components, the heat is instead diverted into the reactors hull. The reactors hull has a default heat capacity of 10,000—exceeding this will cause the reactor to explode with devastating consequences. A typical explosion will destroy most blocks around the reactor within a 32-block radius in all directions. Additionally, at Hull temperatures starting at 40% of the max heat capacity, the reactor will start to set fire to blocks around itself, damage entities and so on. At 85% blocks in a 7x7x7 area around the reactor will start turning into Lava. A full Hazmat Suit should be equipped when near a hot reactor to mitigate character damaging effects.

Therefore, it is important to vent excess heat from the reactor, which can be done with reactor components. Components can vent heat into the air around the reactor, transfer heat from the hull into themselves, and exchange heat with their neighbors. If, for any reason, more heat is transferred into a component that transferred out, this is represented as damage to the component; damaged components will self-repair if given the opportunity to transfer more heat out than in, such as if a overheating reactor is turned off. (This is the basis of unstable reactors, which are run with a pulsed on-off cycle).

Filling a Simple Reactor
This is a simple, tileable, design for a reactor that emits exactly 60 EU/t. The heat generated is 96 HU/s, which is shared equally between the 4 Overclocked Heat Vents, giving them 24 HU/s each. These heat vents can self cool up to 20 HU/s leaving an excess of 4 HU/s. Two Component Heat Vents deal with this excess as they happen to be able to vent 4 HU/s from each adjacent component.

This design can be tiled up to 6 times in a reactor, providing 60 to 360 EU/t.



Building a MOX reactor
MOX reactors are nuclear reactors that are fueled with Fuel Rod (MOX), Dual Fuel Rod (MOX), or Quad Fuel Rod (MOX). These fuel rods only have a durability value of 10,000 and last half as long as Uranium-based Fuel Rods. However, they gain bonus efficiency from the Reactor's Hull heat. The bonus scales from 1x (none) at 0% Heat linearly to 5x at 100% Heat.

Simple MOX reactors can be made by pre-heating an empty reactor with one Quad Fuel Rod (Uranium) and no cooling. A single quad fuel rod generates 96 HU/s, which means it will take 78 seconds to add 7500 Hull Heat to the reactor, which gives a bonus efficiency of x4 to EU production. Then, fill the reactor with a stable design that includes no components that cool the Hull.

Example: A single Quad Fuel Rod (MOX) produces a cumulative 96 HU/t and 60 EU/t in a cold reactor. In a reactor heated to 75% it instead provides 240 EU/t.

The following components ar typically used for cooling in reactors that maintain a stable Hull Heat level.

An Example MOX Reactor
This reactor has been pre-heated to 75.84%, and is built around a single Quad Fuel Rod (MOX), using only components that are safe to use in MOX reactors.



Building a fluid reactor
Fluid reactors are a 5x5x5 multiblock structure. They do not produce Energy Units but rather the Heat - that was such an annoyance in the normal reactor, is now the output. Additionally, the heat output of Fuel Rods is doubled. Other than the increased heat output the reactor largely works the same way with regards to heat: Fuel rods emit heat into adjacent components or the hull of the reactor, and and cooling components pickup heat from the hull, exchange it with surrounding components and/or vent the heat. Vented heat is what is used to produce IC2 Hot Coolant from IC2 Coolant.

NB. The increased heat output is not visible to reactor components such as heat vents and exchangers. They continue to operate as though the heat output was at its regular levels, but the amount of heat actually vented and/or stored in the hull is doubled.

A fluid reactor consists of a 5x5x5 shell of Reactor Pressure Vessel blocks around a fully formed 3x3x3 reactor. In addition, the outer shell must have at least one Reactor Access Hatch to access the GUI of the reactor and to pipe items in or out, one Reactor Redstone Port which must be given a redstone signal to activate the reactor, and one or more Reactor Fluid Port to pipe IC2 Hot Coolant out and cooled IC2 Coolant back in.



A supply of IC2 coolant is crucial to the operation of a fluid reactor. As reactor vents now heat coolant, if the supply of coolant runs out the vents instead vent their heat back into the hull of the reactor where it can build up and ultimately lead to catastrophic failure.

Each unit of heat the vented from the reactor will convert 1mB of coolant to hot coolant and this can be ejected from the reactor via Reactor Fluid Ports or Universal Fluid Cells can be provided to pipe coolant as an item.



Bug: The version of IC2 used to produce this screenshot has 2 display bugs related to the output value: The display value is a factor of 20 too large (in this case 8 is the actual value) and the units should be HU/s.

NB: Emptying and filling Universal Fluid Cells is limited to 1 cell per second so this method of cooling cannot be used on reactors that exceed 1,000 HU/s. Fluid Ejector Upgrades in the Reactor Fluid Port likewise are limited to 1000 mB/s, but this can be mitigated by stacking Fluid Ejector Upgrades - or having multiple Reactor Fluid Ports.

The Liquid Heat Exchanger is an IC2 Heat source that accepts Hot Coolant and produces cooled Coolant and Heat Units (HU) that can be used on heat powered devices like the Stirling Kinetic Generator, Fermenter, Blast Furnace, Stirling Generator and Steam Boiler. To produce Heat (And cooled IC2 Coolant) it must be stocked with 1 to 10 Conductors each of which allows 10HU/s up to a max of 100HU/s. Ensure your design has a Liquid Heat Exchanger per 100 HU/s generated.

Output to Stirling Generators
When coupled to a Stirling Generator 100 HU/s generates 1,000 EU (Delivered as 50 EU/t). e.g. A single Quad Fuel Rod in a regular reactor produces 60EU/t and 96 HU/s. In a fluid reactor, it will generate 192 HU/s which will require 2 Liquid Heat Exchangers that will produce 96 EU/t in coupled Stirling Generators.

Output to Steam Turbines
A properly heated and configured Steam Boiler will use 1mB of Water or Distilled Water to create 100mB of Superheated Steam per HU. For Superheated Steam rather than just Steam the Steam Boiler's output pressure must be set to at least 221 kPa.

A Steam Turbine will produce enough kinetic energy per 100mB of Superheated Steam that when coupled to a Kinetic Generator will produce 100 EU/t, converting the Superheated Steam into regular Steam in the process. Steam is ejected into an adjacent Steam Turbine automatically. The second Steam Turbine will produce 50 EU/t per 100mB of input Steam.

e.g. A single Quad Fuel Rod in a fluid reactor produces 192 HU/s. Adding regular Water or Distilled Water into a single Steam Boiler configured to output a pressure of at least 221 kPa will produce Superheated Steam, generating 96 EU/t in the first Steam Turbine and an additional 48 EU/t in the second for a total output of 144 EU/t. This is more than double the output of the same Fuel Rod in a regular reactor (60 EU/t).

The following build demonstrates Steam Turbine based generation achieving 120 EU/t using a single Quad Fuel Rod (Uranium):


 * 1) Build the reactor and its 5x5 casing. On one side, place the two Fluid ports separated by one block, and equip each with a Fluid Ejector Upgrade.
 * 2) Open the reactor GUI, install the 10 buckets of coolant, and install the Fuel rod and Vents.
 * 3) Place the two Liquid Heat Exchangers over each Fluid port, and place a Steam Boiler between them, such that they face it. Place 10 Conductor in each Liquid Heat Exchanger and also equip each with a Fluid Ejector Upgrade.
 * 4) Shift Right click with the distilled water cells on the Steam Boiler to fill it with distilled water. Open its GUI and program it to boil 1mB/t, and set the pressure to 221 kPA.
 * 5) Starting adjacent to the Fluid Boiler, place two steam turbines and the condenser so their faces touch.
 * 6) Place the two Fluid Distributors so they can return distilled water from the Condenser back to the Steam Boiler. Configure them to "Concentrate" fluid, and right click with a wrench to set the output side (or shift-right click on the opposite side).
 * 7) Install two final Fluid Ejector Upgrades, one in the Condenser and one in the Steam Turbine next to the condenser. These Ejector Upgrades MUST be programmed to eject into the adjacent Fluid Distributors (holding the upgrade, right click on the side of any block to program the upgrade with that direction), otherwise they will push water into the adjacent Steam Turbines turbine housing where it will build up and stall the turbine.
 * 8) Install a Turbine Blade in each Steam Turbine, and place a Kinetic Generator on the output face of each Steam Turbine.
 * 9) Provide the Condenser with a source of power and the build should be complete, and look something like this:



MOX Fuel in a fluid reactor
In a standard nuclear reactor MOX fuel rods boost their EU output, but not heat output, in response to reactor hull heat. In fluid reactors the EU output is ignored, and getting MOX fuel rods to scale their output heat with the reactors heat would make for a dangerously unstable setup. However, MOX fuel rods will double their heat output if the reactor is heated above 50%.

As an example, a single Quad Fuel Rod (MOX) in a Fluid reactor heated to 75% would be generating 432 HU/s. This will create sufficient Superheated Steam to generate 288 EU/t.